PARLIAMENT QUESTION: MINING AND UTILISATION OF NUCLEAR ENERGY MINERALS IN RAJASTHAN

1. At a Glance

• Rohil uranium deposit in Sikar district, Rajasthan, discovered by Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration & Research (AMD/AMDER) under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE); UCIL nominated as lessee under Atomic Minerals Concession Rules, 2016 (AMCR-2016) [S1][S2][S3].
• Significant for India's three-stage nuclear programme, indigenisation of nuclear fuel cycle, and energy security — uranium is a prescribed substance under the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 [S2][S5].
• Topic touches GS-III (energy, internal security of strategic minerals), GS-II (centre-state issues on mining), and Prelims (institutions, rules, deposits).

2. Why in the News

• 04 Feb 2026: Union MoS Dr. Jitendra Singh informed Parliament that DAE has nominated UCIL as prospective lessee for Rohil Uranium Deposit, Sikar (Rajasthan) under AMCR-2016; statutory clearances under process [S1].
• Earlier disclosures: AMD's efforts augmented 15,598 tonnes of uranium oxide (U₃O₈) resource across Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand and Rajasthan; UCIL planning a 2,500 TPD mine-and-mill at Rohil [S2][S4].

3. Background & Evolution

• 1949: AMD set up (then Rare Minerals Survey Unit) — oldest constituent of DAE [S5].
• 1954: DAE established under direct charge of the PM [S5].
• 1962: Atomic Energy Act — uranium, thorium classified as prescribed substances [S5].
• 1967: First uranium mining in India at Jaduguda (Jharkhand) by UCIL [S2].
• 2016 (11 July): Ministry of Mines notified Atomic Minerals Concession Rules, 2016, introducing "Threshold value" concept [S2].
• 2021: Minerals (Other than Atomic & Hydrocarbon Energy Minerals) Concession Rules, 2021 notified — segregates atomic minerals regime [S6].
• 2026: Mining lease process for Rohil progressed; UCIL named lessee [S1].

4. Core Static Facts

• Discovering body: Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration & Research (AMD/AMDER), Hyderabad, constituent of DAE [S1][S5].
• Lessee / mining PSU: Uranium Corporation of India Ltd. (UCIL), HQ Jaduguda, Jharkhand; PSU under DAE [S1][S2].
• Statutory base: Atomic Minerals Concession Rules, 2016 (under MMDR Act, 1957 read with Atomic Energy Act, 1962) [S1][S2].
• Deposit: Rohil, Sikar district, Rajasthan; planned capacity 2,500 TPD mine-and-mill [S1][S2].
• Resource augmentation: 15,598 tonnes U₃O₈ added across AP, Jharkhand, Rajasthan [S2].
• Minister responsible (2026): MoS (IC) S&T and Earth Sciences, MoS PMO, Atomic Energy & Space — Dr. Jitendra Singh [S1].
• Atomic minerals covered by AMD mandate: uranium, thorium, niobium, tantalum, beryllium, lithium, zirconium, titanium, rare earths bearing U/Th [S2].

5. Multi-Dimensional Analysis

Economic - Reduces dependence on imported uranium (currently from Kazakhstan, Canada, Russia, Uzbekistan, France) [S2]. - Feeds PHWR fleet — domestic U fuels Stage-I of three-stage nuclear programme.

Legal / Constitutional - Entry 6, Union List (List I, 7th Schedule) — atomic energy & minerals are exclusive Union subject [S5]. - AMCR-2016 prevails over general MMDR rules for "atomic minerals" beyond threshold value [S2][S6]. - Section 3(b), Atomic Energy Act 1962 empowers Centre to declare prescribed substances [S5].

Federal / Administrative - Mining lease still granted by State Government (Rajasthan) on Centre's nomination — bottleneck is statutory clearances (forest, environment, R&R) [S1]. - Multi-agency interplay: DAE–UCIL–Ministry of Mines–MoEFCC–State.

Environmental - Uranium mining raises concerns of radioactive tailings, groundwater contamination, R&R (Jaduguda precedents); requires MoEFCC EIA, forest clearance [S1].

Strategic / Scientific - Critical to Bhabha's three-stage programme: Stage-I PHWRs use natural U → Pu-239; Stage-II FBRs; Stage-III Th-U233 cycle [S5]. - Rajasthan deposits + Tummalapalle (AP), Jaduguda (Jharkhand) diversify supply geography.

6. Recent Developments (last 12-18 months)

• 04 Feb 2026: UCIL nominated as prospective lessee for Rohil under AMCR-2016 [S1].
• 2024–25: PIB clarification — private entities NOT permitted to mine/explore atomic minerals offshore (rebutting media reports) [S6].
• DAE Year-End Review 2024: AMD added 15,598 t U₃O₈ to national reserves [S2][S4].
• Earlier parliament reply on Uranium Oxide Resource (PRID 2153552) and New Uranium Deposits (PRID 2118383) [S2].

7. Prelims Hooks

• AMD/AMDER = Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration & Research, under DAE, oldest unit (est. 1949) [S5].
• AMCR-2016 notified on 11 July 2016 by Ministry of Mines [S2].
• Concept introduced by AMCR-2016: "Threshold value" [S2].
• Rohil uranium deposit lies in Sikar district, Rajasthan [S1].
• UCIL, headquartered at Jaduguda (Jharkhand), started mining in 1967 [S2].
• Atomic energy is Entry 6 of the Union List [S5].
• DAE works under the direct charge of the Prime Minister [S5].
• Minerals (Other than Atomic & Hydrocarbon Energy) Concession Rules notified in 2021 [S6].
• Atomic minerals under AMD mandate include Li, Be, Nb, Ta, Zr, Ti, REE, U, Th [S2].
• Parent legislation: Atomic Energy Act, 1962 + MMDR Act, 1957 [S2][S5].
• Planned capacity at Rohil: 2,500 tonnes per day (TPD) mine-and-mill [S2].
• Indigenous uranium augmented recently: 15,598 t U₃O₈ [S2].

8. Mains Relevance

• GS-III: Energy security; Infrastructure (energy); Indigenisation of strategic resources.
• GS-II: Centre-state issues in mineral concessions; statutory bodies.
• Syllabus: "Infrastructure: Energy… Achievements of Indians in S&T; indigenization of technology."
• Possible stems: 1. "Discuss the role of indigenous uranium exploration in achieving energy security under India's three-stage nuclear programme." 2. "Examine the regulatory architecture for atomic mineral mining in India with reference to the Atomic Minerals Concession Rules, 2016." 3. "Mining of atomic minerals tests the federal balance enshrined in the Constitution. Comment."

9. Related Topics to Study Next

• Three-stage Nuclear Programme (Bhabha) — context for U & Th demand.
• UCIL operations: Jaduguda, Tummalapalle, Bhatin, Narwapahar — geography of uranium.
• MMDR Act, 1957 & 2015/2021 amendments — federal mining regime.
• Critical & Strategic Minerals list (2023, Min. of Mines) — Li, REEs link with AMD mandate.
• Atomic Energy Act, 1962 — prescribed substances, IAEA safeguards.
• Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) & 123 Agreement — import side of U supply.
• Tummalapalle (AP) — world's largest in-situ U reserve claim.
• KAMINI / Bhavini FBR — Stage-II linkage.

10. Common Errors / Trap Areas

• AMD ≠ Atomic Minerals Directorate alone: full name is Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration & Research** (AMDER) — both abbreviations used [S1][S5].
• AMCR-2016 governs atomic minerals; the 2021 rules cover other than atomic & hydrocarbon — do not confuse [S2][S6].
• UCIL is under DAE, not Ministry of Mines; AMD is also under DAE, not GSI [S1][S5].
• Mining lease is granted by State Govt even though atomic minerals are Union List — Centre only nominates lessee [S1].
• Rohil is in Sikar, not Jaisalmer/Bikaner (Rajasthan also has monazite/REE beach sands separately) [S1].
• Private sector not permitted to mine atomic minerals (despite some media claims) [S6].

11. Sources

• [S1] PARLIAMENT QUESTION: Mining and Utilisation of Nuclear Energy Minerals in Rajasthan — https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2223266 — (tier: 1)
• [S2] PARLIAMENT QUESTION: Uranium Oxide Resource in the Country — https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2153552 — (tier: 1)
• [S3] PARLIAMENT QUESTION: New Uranium Deposits — https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2118383 — (tier: 1)
• [S4] Department of Atomic Energy Year End Review 2024 — https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2087501 — (tier: 1)
• [S5] Acts & Rules, Department of Atomic Energy — https://dae.gov.in/acts-rules/ — (tier: 1)
• [S6] Minerals (Other than Atomic and Hydro Carbons Energy Mineral) Concession Rules, 2021 Notified — https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1770242 — (tier: 1)