PARLIAMENT QUESTION: COMPLAINTS LODGED IN LOKPAL

1. At a Glance

Lokpal is India's apex anti-corruption ombudsman at the Union level, statutorily created under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 [S2].
A Lok Sabha written reply (25 March 2026) by MoS Dr. Jitendra Singh tabled year-wise data of complaints registered and disposed by Lokpal from 2021-22 to 2025-26 [S1].
Relevant for GS-II (statutory bodies, accountability) and Prelims (composition, jurisdiction, recent data).

Parliament Question (Lok Sabha, 25 March 2026): Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions disclosed: 389 complaints registered and 336 disposed in 2025-26 (till 28.02.2026) — sharpest annual surge since inception [S1].
Data made available on dedicated Lokpal website; reply given by Dr. Jitendra Singh, MoS (PMO, Personnel, PG & Pensions) [S1].

Demand institutionalised after Anna Hazare-led India Against Corruption movement (2011); parliamentary debate over Jan Lokpal Bill vs. government version [S5].
Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act enacted 1 January 2014 (assented after passage in both Houses, December 2013) [S2].
First Chairperson Justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose appointed March 2019; institution operationalised thereafter [S3].
LokpalOnline digital complaint platform launched 2021 by Chairperson Justice P.C. Ghose [S3].
Amendment Act 2016 modified asset-disclosure provisions for public servants [S5].

Parent ministry: Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions (Department of Personnel & Training) [S1].
Statute: Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 [S2].
Composition: Chairperson + up to 8 Members (max 4 judicial + 4 non-judicial); at least 50% Members from SC/ST/OBC/Minorities/Women [S2].
Eligibility — Chairperson: former CJI / SC judge / eminent person; ≥50% members must be judicial (current/former SC judges or HC Chief Justices) [S2].
Selection Committee: PM (Chair), Lok Sabha Speaker, LoP Lok Sabha, CJI or his nominee SC judge, eminent jurist nominated by President [S2].
Tenure: 5 years or up to 70 years of age [S2].
Jurisdiction: PM (post-demit, with safeguards excluding atomic energy, space, external affairs, internal security, public order); Union Ministers; MPs; all Group A, B, C, D Central Government officers; PSU/NGO officers (with funding thresholds) [S5].
PM inquiry: in-camera, requires 2/3rd approval of full bench [S5].

Statutory body (not constitutional) created by Parliament under entries enabling anti-corruption legislation [S2].
Empowered to direct CBI/CVC to investigate; Section 14 lays jurisdiction; Section 20 lays inquiry procedure [S2].

Despite Act of 2013, first Chairperson appointed only in 2019 — five-year gap citing absence of Leader of Opposition; required 2016 amendment [S3].
Disposal rate consistently high (>85%) but absolute complaint base remains low relative to scale of bureaucracy [S1].

Designed to address accountability deficit flagged by 2nd ARC's 4th Report ("Ethics in Governance").
LokpalOnline promotes transparency, real-time tracking, digital case management [S3].

Lokpal at Union level; Lokayuktas at State level (Karnataka, Maharashtra, etc., have older institutions; Act mandates States to constitute Lokayuktas within one year) [S2].

2025-26: Complaints registered jumped to 389 (till Feb 2026) vs. 292 in 2024-25 — ~33% YoY rise [S1].
Lokpal Foundation Day observed reaffirming commitment to integrity (PIB 2025) [S4].
RBI renamed Hindi version of Integrated Ombudsman Scheme 2021 after Lokpal's inputs (2025) — institutional reach into nomenclature [S6].

Lokpal established under Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013; came into force 16 January 2014 [S2].
Maximum strength: 1 Chairperson + 8 Members [S2].
At least 50% of Members must be judicial; at least 50% from SC/ST/OBC/Minorities/Women [S2].
Selection Committee chaired by Prime Minister [S2].
First Chairperson: Justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose (March 2019) [S3].
LokpalOnline portal launched in 2021 [S3].
PM falls under Lokpal jurisdiction only after demitting office as per original draft; sitting PM excluded on subjects of atomic energy, space, external affairs, internal security, public order [S5].
Lokpal covers all Group A, B, C and D Central Government employees [S5].
Parent ministry: Ministry of Personnel, PG & Pensions (NOT Ministry of Law) [S1].
Complaints registered in 2025-26 (till 28.02.2026): 389; Disposed: 336 [S1].
Highest annual disposal so far in dataset: 316 (2022-23) [S1].
Tenure of Chairperson/Member: 5 years or 70 years, whichever earlier [S2].
Inquiry against PM requires 2/3rd majority of full bench [S5].

GS-II: Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies; Accountability and transparency; Citizens' Charters.
GS-IV: Probity in Governance; Institutional ethics.
Probable stems: 1. "Critically evaluate the effectiveness of Lokpal in combating corruption a decade after enactment of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013." 2. "The Lokpal has been described as a 'toothless tiger'. Examine the structural and operational constraints limiting its efficacy." 3. "Compare and contrast the institutional design of Lokpal with CVC and CBI in India's anti-corruption architecture."

Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) — overlapping mandate over Group A officers.
CBI & DSPE Act, 1946 — investigation arm referred to by Lokpal.
Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (amended 2018) — substantive offence law.
State Lokayuktas — variation across States, Karnataka model.
RTI Act, 2005 — complementary transparency tool.
Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2014 — protection mechanism.
2nd ARC 4th Report — Ethics in Governance — conceptual backbone.
UN Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC, 2003) — international obligation India ratified in 2011.

Lokpal is statutory, not constitutional — confusion with CAG/UPSC.
Sitting PM is partially within jurisdiction (subject to bench approval and excluded subjects) — not "fully excluded" nor "fully included" [S5].
First Chairperson = Justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose (2019), not at the time of Act's passage (2014).
Confusing Lokpal (Union) with Lokayukta (State) — Karnataka Lokayukta predates the Act (1984).
Parent ministry is Personnel, PG & Pensions under PMO, not Ministry of Law & Justice [S1].

[S1] PIB — Parliament Question: Complaints Lodged in Lokpal (25 Mar 2026) — https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2244916 — (tier: 1)
[S2] India Code — The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 — https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2122/1/201401.pdf — (tier: 1)
[S3] PIB — Chairperson Lokpal Justice P.C. Ghose inaugurates LokpalOnline — https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1780844 — (tier: 1)
[S4] PIB — Lokpal of India Observes Foundation Day — https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2215393 — (tier: 1)
[S5] PRS India — All you wanted to know about the Lokpal Bill — https://prsindia.org/articles-by-prs-team/all-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-lokpal-bill — (tier: 1)
[S6] PIB — RBI Integrated Ombudsman Scheme renamed after Lokpal inputs — https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2104142 — (tier: 1)